The Return: Midnight Chapter 8

Damon nodded thoughtful y, glancing back and forth between the fighting stave and the pil owcase in his hand. Hadn't he suspected something like this for a long time? Subconsciously? After al , there had been that attack on the grandfather, which had failed to either kil him or to erase his memory completely. Damon's imagination could fil in the rest: her parents seeing no reason to blight their tiny daughter's life with this gruesome business – a whole new change of scenery – and then giving up the practice in the provincial, protected little town of Fel ‘s Church. If they had only known. Oh, doubtless they had made sure that Meredith had had self-defense and various martial arts training since she was a child, while swearing her to absolute secrecy – even from her best friends. Wel , now, Damon thought. The first of Shinichi's riddles was already solved. â€Å"One of you has a lifetime secret kept from everyone.† I always knew there was something about this girl†¦and this is it. I'd bet my life that she's a black belt. There had been a long silence. Now Damon broke it. Your ancestors were hunters too? he asked, as if she were telepathic. He waited a moment – stil silence. Okay – no telepathy. That was good. He nodded at the magnificent stave. â€Å"That was certainly made for a lord or lady.† Meredith wasn't stupid. She spoke without glancing away from his eyes. She was ready, at any instant, to go into kil ing mode. â€Å"We're just ordinary folk, trying to get a job done so innocent humans wil be safer.† â€Å"By kil ing the odd vampire or two.† â€Å"Wel , so far in recorded history saying ‘Naughty, naughty, Mama spank'has failed to convert a single vampire to vegetarianism.† Damon had to laugh. â€Å"Pity you weren't born early enough to convert Stefan. He could have been your grand triumph.† â€Å"You think that's funny. But we do have converts.† â€Å"Yes. People wil say anything while you're holding a pointed stick at them.† â€Å"People who feel that it's wrong to Influence other people into believing they're getting something for nothing.† â€Å"That's it! Meredith! Let me Influence you!† This time it was Meredith who laughed. â€Å"No, I'm serious! When I'm a vampire again, let me Influence you not to be so much afraid of a bite. I swear I won't take more than a teaspoon. But that would give me time to show you – â€Å" â€Å"A nice big house of candy that never existed? A relative who died ten years ago and who would have abhorred the thought of you taking my memory of her and using it as a lure? A dream of ending world hunger that doesn't put food into one mouth?† This girl, thought Damon, is dangerous. It's like a Counter-Influence that they've taught to their members. Wanting her to see that vampires, or ex-vampires, or Once and Future Vampires had some good qualities – like courage – he let go of the pil owcase and grasped the end of the fighting stave with both hands. Meredith raised an eyebrow. â€Å"Did I not just recently tel you that a number of those spikes you've just driven into your flesh are poisonous? Or were you not listening?† She had automatical y grabbed the stave as wel , above the dangerous zone. â€Å"You told me,†he said inscrutably – he hoped. â€Å"I particularly said ‘poisonous to humans as wel as to werewolves and other things' – recal it?† â€Å"You told me that, too. But I'd rather die than live as a human, so: Let the games begin.†And with that, Damon began to push the two-headed stave toward Meredith's heart. She immediately clamped down on the stave as wel , pushing it back toward him. But he had three advantages, as they both soon realized. He was slightly tal er and more strongly muscled even than lithe, athletic Meredith; he had a longer reach than hers; and he had taken up a much more aggressive position. Even though he could feel poisoned little spikes biting into his palms, he thrust forward and up until the kil ing point was once again near her heart. Meredith pushed back with an amazing amount of strength and then suddenly, somehow, they were even again. Damon glanced up to see how that had happened, and saw, to his shock, that she also had grasped the stave in the kil ing zone. Now her hands were dripping blood onto the floor just as his were. â€Å"Meredith!† â€Å"What? I take my job seriously.† Despite her gambit, he was stronger. Inch by inch, he forced his torn palms to hang on, his arms to exert pressure. And inch by inch she was forced backward, refusing to quit – until there was no more room to back up. And there they stood, the entire length of the stave between them, and the refrigerator flat against Meredith's back. Al Damon could think of was Elena. If he somehow survived this – and Meredith did not – then what would those malachite eyes say to him? How would he live with what they said? And then, with infuriating timing, like a chess player knocking over her own king, Meredith let go of the spear, conceding Damon's superior strength. After which, seeming to have no fear of turning her back on him, she took a jar ful of salve from a kitchen cupboard, scooped out a dol op of the contents, and motioned for Damon to hold out his hands. He frowned. He'd never heard of a poison that got into the blood that could be cured by external measures. â€Å"I didn't put real poison in the human needles,†she said calmly. â€Å"But your palms wil be torn and this is an excel ent remedy. It's ancient, passed down for generations.† â€Å"How kind of you to share,† – at his most sharply ironic. â€Å"And now what are we going to do? Start al over again?†he added as Meredith calmly began to rub salve into her own hands. â€Å"No. Hunter-slayers have a code, you know. You won the sphere. I assume you're planning to do what Sage seems to have done. Open the Gate to the Dark Dimension.† â€Å"Open the Gate to the Dark Dimensions,†he corrected. â€Å"Probably I should have mentioned – there's more than one. But al I want is to become a vampire again. And we can talk as we go, since I see we're both wearing our cat burglar costumes.† Meredith was dressed much as he was, in black jeans and a lightweight black sweater. With her long shining dark hair she looked unexpectedly beautiful. Damon, who had considered running her through with the stave, just as his obligation to vampire-kind, now found himself wavering. If she gave him no trouble on his way to the Gate, he would let her go, he decided. He was feeling magnanimous – for the first time he had faced down and conquered the fearsome Meredith, and besides, she had a code as he did. He felt a sort of kinship with her. With ironic gal antry, he waved her on before him, retaining possession of the pil owcase and the fighting stave himself. As Damon quietly shut the front door he saw that dawn was about to break. Perfect timing. The stave caught the first rays of light. â€Å"I have a question for you,†he said to Meredith's long, silky dark hair. â€Å"You said that you didn't find this gorgeous stave until after Klaus – that wicked Old One – was dead. But if you're from a hunter-slayer family you might have been more help in getting him dispatched. Like mentioning that only white ash could kil him.† â€Å"It was because my parents didn't actively pursue the family business – they didn't know. They were both from hunter families, of course – you have to be, to keep it out of the tabloids and – â€Å" † – police files – â€Å" â€Å"Do you want me to talk, or can you do your stand-up routine alone?† â€Å"Point taken† – hefting the extremely pointed stave. â€Å"I'l listen.† â€Å"But even though they chose not to be active, they knew that a vampire or werewolf might decide to pick on their daughter if they found out her identity. So during school, I took ‘harpsichord lessons'and ‘riding lessons'one day a week each – have done since I was three. I'm a Black Belt Shihan, and a Taekwondo Saseung. I might start Dragon Kung Fu – â€Å" â€Å"Point taken once more. But then how exactly did you find that gorgeous kil ing stick?† â€Å"After Klaus was dead, while Stefan was babysitting Elena, suddenly Grandpa started talking – just single words – but it made me go look in our attic. I found this.† â€Å"So you really don't know how to use it?† â€Å"I'd just started practicing when Shinichi turned up. But, no, I don't real y have a clue. I'm pretty good with a bo staff, though, so I just use it like that.† â€Å"You didn't use it like a bo staff on me.† â€Å"I was hoping to persuade you, not kil you. I couldn't think of how to explain to Elena that I'd broken al your bones.† Damon kept himself from laughing – barely. â€Å"So how did a couple of inactive hunter-slayers end up moving to a town on top of a few hundred crossing ley lines?† â€Å"I'm guessing they didn't know what a line of natural Power was. And Fel ‘s Church looked smal and peaceful – back then.† They found the Gateway just as Damon had seen it before, a neat rectangular piece sliced out of the earth, about five feet deep. â€Å"Now sit down there,†he adjured Meredith, putting her on the opposite corner from where he lay the stave. â€Å"Have you given a thought – even the briefest – as to what wil happen to Misao if you pour out all the liquid in there?† â€Å"Actual y, not one. Not one microsecond's worth,†Damon said cheerful y. â€Å"Why? Do you think she would for me?† Meredith sighed. â€Å"No. That's the problem with both of you.† â€Å"She's certainly your problem at the moment, although I may stop by sometime after the town's destroyed to have a little tte--tte with her brother about the concept of keeping an oath.† â€Å"After you've gotten strong enough to beat him.† â€Å"Well, why don't you do something? It's your town they've devastated, after al ,†Damon said. â€Å"Children attacking themselves and each other, and now adults attacking children – â€Å" â€Å"They're either scared to death or possessed by those malach the foxes are stil spreading everywhere – â€Å" â€Å"Yes, and so fear and paranoia keep spreading too. Fel ‘s Church may be little by the standards of other genocides they've caused, but it's an important place because it's sitting on top – â€Å" â€Å"Of al those ley lines ful of magical power – yes, yes, I know. But don't you care at al ? About us? Their future plans for us? Doesn't any of it matter to you?†Meredith demanded. Damon thought of the stil , smal figure in the first-floor bedroom and felt a sick qualm. â€Å"I told you already,†he snapped. â€Å"I'm coming back for a talk with Shinichi.† After which, careful y, he began to pour liquid from the uncorked star bal at one corner of the rectangle. Now that he was actual y at the Gate, he realized he had no idea what he should do. The proper procedure might be to jump in and pour out the star bal ‘s entire liquid in the middle. But four corners seemed to dictate four different places to pour, and he was sticking to that. He expected Meredith to try to foul things up somehow. Make a run for the house. Make some noise, at least. Attack him from behind now that he had dropped the stave. But apparently her code of honor forbade this. Strange girl, he thought. But I'l leave her the stave, since it real y belongs to her family, and, anyway, it's going to get me kil ed the instant I land in the Dark Dimension. A slave carrying a weapon – especial y a weapon like that – won't have a chance. Judiciously, he poured out almost al of the liquid left into the final corner and stepped back to see what would happen. SSSS-bah! White! Blazing white light. That was al his eyes or his mind could take in at first. And then, with a rush of triumph he thought: I've done it! The Gateway is open! â€Å"The center of the upper Dark Dimension, please,†he said politely to the blazing hole. â€Å"A secluded al ey would probably be the best, if you don't mind.†And then he jumped into the hole. Except that he didn't. Just as he was starting to bend his knees, something hit him from the right. â€Å"Meredith! I thought – â€Å" But it wasn't Meredith. It was Bonnie. â€Å"You tricked me! You can't go in there!†She was sobbing and screaming. â€Å"Yes, I can! Now let go of me – before it disappears!†He tried to pry her off, while his mind whirled uselessly. He'd left this girl – what? – an hour or so ago, so deeply asleep that she had looked dead. Just how much could that little body take? â€Å"No! They'l kil you! And Elena wil kil me! But I'l get kil ed first because I'l stil be here!† Awake, and actual y capable of putting together puzzles. â€Å"Human, I told you to let go,†he snarled. He bared his teeth at her, which only caused her to bury her head in his jacket and cling on koala-bear style, wrapping both her legs around one of his. A couple of real y hard slaps should dislodge her, he thought. He lifted his hand.

‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ by Karl Marx

Karl Marx developed theoretical concepts of society and its development explaining the workings of market economies and class relations. One of his main works, ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’, vividly describes the main concepts and strategic vision of Communism, socialism and class struggle. Karl Marx was concerned with how income was shared among the three great social classes: workers and capitalists. A major concern of nineteenth-century social thinking was to identify the nature of industrialization and to trace its social and political effects. Social and economic environment led to development of ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’. The era of Marx and the following decades were the era of Liberalism. During the years 1830 to 1930 the world was fast becoming an industrial society, yet its laws were based on an ideal of an agrarian society. During the second half of nineteenth century the world changed economically and socially. The book ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ consists of four sections: Bourgeois and Proletarians, Proletarians and Communists, Socialist and Communist Literature, the Opposition parties. Each section identifies and analyzes the main concepts of new industrial and social relations and gives historical examples of these events. In this book, Marx creates the economic, social and political theory and practice, develops capitalism theory explaining the role of a class in society. What is emphasized is the market as a system of exchanges rather than as an arena of compe ­tition; the persistent association of political particies and the pacification of economic relations relies on this emphasis. In the section ‘Bourgeois and Proletarians’, Marx introduces new materialist method in contrast to idealistic one. He examines the role of labor and labor relations, explains the struggle over the division of output and wage system. According to Marx capitalism is class struggle. Increasing polarization of the population divides it into two great classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the proletariat (workers). Marx states that â€Å"The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization† (Marx n.d.). In this situation, classes not only are the links be ­tween levels rather tight; they are unidirec ­tional, the causal flow going from economic structure through consciousness to action. Marx portrays that over time the two great classes directly facing each other defined by how they stand to the relations of production, gradually conso ­lidate under capitalism, absorbing other classes within them, developing class consciousness and industrial and political organizations, and in due course fight out a revolutionary conflict (Marx, n.d.). Marx explains the role of â€Å"the means of production† and â€Å"exchange† of goods in market economy. Marx states: â€Å"The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property† (Marx n.d.). The class struggle is explained as opposition between working class and the class of capitalists. Also, it is struggle of lower socioeconomic classes with higher socioeconomic classes. Given the irreconcilable conflict of interests between capital and labor, the outstanding feature of capitalist society is struggle based on historical development and new production modes. Also, Marx describes the relations and interconnection between capital and labor wages, the nature of competition and a revolutionary class. The second section of the book describes relationships between communists and the working class. Marx gives an overview of a communist society free from oppression, antagonism and exploitation. According to Marx, an ideal society should be classless. Marx states: â€Å"communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of the society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriations† (Marx n.d.). He criticizes land ownership and supports the state ownership. The main points of his program for the classless society are: abolition of property in land; progressive or graduated income tax; confiscation of emigrants’ property, importance of the centralized state bank, centralization of communication and transport, all should be equally obliged to work, leveling the differences between the town and country, free education for children (Marx, n.d.). Marx underlines that the differences between classes should be diminished in order to reach classless community. Moreover, and in consequence, there is no overall story of a development through time from class structure through class conscious ­ness to class action, nor any underlying theory of ‘class interests' that could explain such a development: the historical possibilities are far more open and indeterminate. â€Å"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation† (Marx n.d.). The focus at each class is also much broader: at the structural level, it encompasses not only productive relations but also the sphere of circulation and market positions; and at the levels of consciousness and action, and the spheres of consumption and distri ­bution as well as work and politics. Marx states that ‘political power’ should be used as ‘the organized power’ which protects â€Å"one class for oppressing another† (Marx n.d.). Also, Marx defines classes by their modes of collective action and shows how rights to productive resources, credentials, party membership, lineage, etc., can all be distinct bases for social closure in the struggle. Marx identifies the way of the transition from socialism to communism and advantages of the classless society. In the third section, â€Å"Socialist and Communist Literature†, Marx describes the differences between socialist and communist literature. He criticizes socialist trends and approaches such as Feudal Socialism, Petty-Bourgeois Socialism, Critical-Utopian Socialism, etc. This section is based on historical examples and analysis of social development and driven forces of class development. For instance, he explains the emergence of ‘petty bourgeoisie’ as a new class â€Å"fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie† (Marx, n.d.). But their generally determinist attitude led them into a certain political passivity. Most of them anticipated socialist consciousness originating outside the working class. Marx underlines that German socialism is based on the struggle â€Å"against feudal aristocracy† (Marx, n.d.). A major concern of this thinking is to identify the nature of these relations and to trace their social and political effects. Speaking about Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism Marx states: â€Å"The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the best† (Marz, n.d.). They distinguish society by its characteristic modes of production and economic life. However, what is thought to distinguish the society is not solely a new mode of production, but a new social imperative – the changing distribution of economic and social resources. Marx criticizes Critical-Utopian Socialism stating that such philosophers and economists as Fourier, Saint-Simon and Owen make a mistake taking into account only the ‘early undeveloped period’. This historical and social vision limits their understanding of the historical process and forces them †to consider themselves far superior to all class antagonisms† (Marx, n.d.). These theories can be thought of as ranged along a continuum whose poles can be neatly seen as occupied by the classical posi ­tions respectively. Not only are the links be ­tween levels rather tight; they are unidirec ­tional, the causal flow going from economic structure through consciousness to action. The fourth section gives overview of communist struggle and its impact on workers consciousness. Marx gives examples of four countries: France, Switzerland, Poland and Germany as the main countries where communism flourishes. The visible change in the attitudes to parties constitutes progress towards democracy and classless society. â€Å"In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things† (Marx, n.d.). Accordingly, Communism presupposes the continued political significance of integrated patterns of thought whose outlines follow the historical doctrines of different parties. To understand Communism and its relations with working class it is necessary to take account of the institutions and parties involved, their ideologies and motives; it is necessary to consider not only the legal dimensions but also the behavioral dimensions of classes. Marx restates: â€Å"Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution† (Marx, n.d.). In sum, the book documents in detail how the economic position of classes have been developed. Given the irreconcilable conflict of interests between capital and labor, Marx vividly portrays that the outstanding feature of capitalist society is class conflict. One of the sharpest contradic ­tions of capitalism was precisely that between the social character of production and the individualist basis of ownership. Marx underlines that social conflict was a feature of the transition between older and newer social orders, world perception and values, and materialistic understanding of the world. Communism was professed by the major tendencies which emerged during the nineteenth century, and the most common classification schemes for ideologies build upon this historical material. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manifesto of the Communist Party (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm [accessed 1 Dec 2006]   

Literary genres Essay

lit ·er ·a ·ture (ltr–chr, -chr) noun. 1. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture. 2. Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value:†Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity† (Rebecca West). 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field:medical literature. 5. Printed material: collected all the available literature on the subject. 6. Music All the compositions of a certain kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble: the symphonic literature. 1.  written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc. , esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest 2. the body of written work of a particular culture or people Scandinavian literature 3. written or printed matter of a particular type or on a particular subject scientific literature the literature of the violin 4. printed material giving a particular type of information sales literature 5. the art or profession of a writer 6. Obsolete learning 1. writing in prose or verse regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence. 2. the entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc. 3. the writings dealing with a particular subject. 4. the profession of a writer or author. 5. literary work or production. 6. any kind of printed material, as circulars, leaflets, or handbills. 7. Archaic. literary culture; appreciation of letters and books. | literature – the humanistic study of a body of literature; â€Å"he took a course in Russian lit. literary study – the humanistic study of literatureliterature – creative writing of recognized artistic value| | | literature – published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; â€Å"the technical literature†; â€Å"one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literature†piece of writing, written material, writing – the work of a writer; anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect); â€Å"the writing in her novels is excellent†; â€Å"that editorial was a fine piece of writing†literature – creative writing of recognized artistic valuehistoriography – a body of historical literature| | | literature – the profession or art of a writer; â€Å"her place in literature is secure†profession – an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)literature – creative writing of recognized artistic valueTypes of Literature: Fictional Literature Drama: Drama is the theatrical dialog performed on stage, it consists of 5 acts. Tragedy, comedy and melodrama are the sub types of drama. e. g William Shakespeare, an Elizabethan dramatist composed the plays Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear that are famous because of its combination of tragedy and comedy. Problem play, farce, fantasy, monologue and comedy of manners are some kinds of drama. Tragedy: It is a story of the major character who faces bad luck. Tragedy, elements of horrors and struggle usually concludes with the death of a person. The Illiad and The Odyssey by Homer are the two famous Greek tragedies. Comedy: The lead character overcomes the conflicts and overall look of the comedy is full of laughter and the issues are handled very lightly. The elements used in the comedy are romanticism, exaggeration, surprises and a comic view of life. Melodrama: Melodrama is a blend of two nouns – ‘melody’ and ‘drama’. It is a musical play most popular by 1840. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is one of the most popular plays describing cruelty of labor life. It has happy ending like comedy. Tragicomedy: The play that begins with serious mode but has a happy ending is tragicomedy. Prose Literature History, journalism, philosophy, fiction and fantasy writings, scientific writings, children’s literature authors and writers are included in Prose Literature. Myth Myths are the fairy tales with lots of adventure, magic and it lacks scientific proof. Nursery rhymes, songs and lullabies are forms of myths that strike the interest of children. Creative and nature myth are stories of the stars and moon. Magic tales are wonderful tales of quests and fantasy. Hero myths are ideal heroes of adventure. Short story  The small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, smaller than a novel is known as short story. Short stories are well-grouped that followed the sequence of easy and no complexity in beginning, concrete theme, some dialogs and ends with resolution. They are oral and short-lived which have gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, hearsay and legend. Novel Novel can be based on comic, crime, detective, adventurous, romantic or political story divided into many parts. The major kinds of novels are: Allegory: The symbolic story revolves around two meanings. What the writer says directly is totally different from the conveyed meanings at the end. Political and Historical allegory are two forms of Allegory. Comedy: Satire is very common form in comedy novels and tries to focus on the facts of the society and their desires. Epistolary: The collection of letters or mails is the epistolary novels. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrew are the few examples of Epistolary novels. Feminist: These types of novels are written by women writers around the world to describe the place of women in a male dominated society. E. g Virginia Woolf’s â€Å"A Room of one’s Own†. Gothic: Gothic fiction is the combination of both horror and romance. Melodrama and parody were grouped in the Gothic literature in its early stages. Ironic: Ironic novels are known for excessive use of narrative technique. It is satire on the contemporary society about cultural, social and political issues. Realism: The realistic novels are based on the truths of ordinary society and their problems. It focuses on the plot, structure and the characters of the novel. Romance: Love and relationship topics are handled optimistically in the romantic novels. It originated in western countries; basically the story revolves around love affairs of main characters. Some popular sub categories of romantic novels are paranormal, erotic, suspense, multicultural and inspirational romance. Narration: In narrative style, writer becomes the third person who narrates whole story around the characters. Naturalism: Naturalism is based on the theory of Darwin. Picaresque: It is opposite to romance novels as it involves ideals, themes and principles that refuse the so-called prejudices of the society. Psychological: It’s the psychological prospective of mind with a resolution. Satire: Satirical novels criticize the contemporary society. The most famous novels are Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726), Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim (1954), George Orwell’s Animal Farm and Randell Jarrell’s Pictures from an Institution (1954). Stream of Consciousness: James Joyce’s stream of consciousness is all about the thought coming up in the minds of the readers. A novel also constitutes categories on social and political aspects like proletarian, psychological, protest novel, government, didactic, materialist novel, allegorical novel, novel of engagement, naturalistic novel, Marxist novel, radical novel, revolutionary novel, anti-war novel, utopian novel, futuristic novel, anarchist novel, problem novel, social philosophy novel, novel of ideas, problem play and speculative novel. Folk Tale Folk Tales are traditional stories that have been creating interest since ancient times. The children and old persons like religious story, magic and superstition as well. Fable, tall tales, cumulative, trickster and proverbs are the sub categories of folk tales. Mythology or legend is the ancient religious stories of origin and human civilization such as story of Robin Hood. Types of poetry Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in the tranquility. Greek poetry is found in free verse and we have rhymes in the Persian poem. Are you wondering how to write a poem, here are the followings forms of poem? Sonnet: Sonnet is the short poem of 14 lines grouped into Shakespearean and Italian sonnets. Ballad: The poems that are on the subject matter of love and sung by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story. Elegy: This type of poem is the lamenting of the death of a person or his near one. Elegy Written in Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is one of the famous poems marked as sad poems of the ages. Ode: Ode is the formal and long poem serious in nature. Allegory: Allegory is the famous form of poetry and is loved by the readers because of its two symbolic meanings. One is the literal meaning and another is the deep meaning. Epic and Mock epic: Epics are the narrative poems that convey moral and culture of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad are one of the largest philosophical epics written by Samuel Butler. Rape of the Lock is the great mock epic focusing on the minor incident of cutting of a curl. Lyric: It has Greek origin that gives a melody of imagery. It is the direct appeal of a poet to the readers about any incident or historical events. Lyrics are most of the time similar to ode or sonnets in the form. Nonfiction Literature: Nonfiction Literature is opposite to fiction as it is informative and comprises the interesting facts with analysis and illustrations. Main types of Non- fiction literature Autobiography and Biography An autobiography is the story of the author’s own life. ‘Family Life at the White House’ by Bill Clinton is focused on his life and achievements. ‘Wings of fire’ by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Mein kampf of Adolph Hitler are the autobiography books on real life. Essay Generally the authors’ point of view about any particular topic in a detailed way is an essay. Essay has simple way of narrating the main subject; therefore they are descriptive, lengthy, subject oriented and comparative. Different types of essay: Personal essay, expository essay type, response essay, process essay, persuasive essay, argumentative essay, critical essay type, interview essay, reflective essay type, evaluation, observation essay, comparison type of essay, application essay, compare and contrast essay and narrative essay type. Literary criticism It is the critical study of a piece of literature. Here critics apply different theories, evaluation, discussion and explanation to the text or an essay to give total judgments. Plato, Aristotle, T. S. Eliot, Saussure and Frye are some of the famous critics. Travel literature It is the narration of any tour or foreign journey with the description of the events, dates, places, sights and author’s views. Francis Bacon’s natural philosophies in the middle of Seventeenth century is one famous example of travel literature. Diary Diaries are the incidents recorded by the author without any means of publishing them. It is the rough work of one’s daily routine, happenings, memorable days or events in their life. E. g. Anne Frank’s ‘Diary of a Young Girl’ was published by her father in 1940s; it’s a story of a girl trapped during German invade Amsterdam. Diaries consists of business letters, newsletters, weather listing. In today’s world of Internet, writers write in blogs, forums, polls and social networking sites to convey their thoughts. This also is a form of diary writing. Some profound forms of diaries are online diary, travel, sleep, tagebuch, fictional, dream and death diaries. Journal Journal is one of types of diaries that records infinite information. They are of following types: Personal: It is for personal analysis. In this journal one can write his goal, daily thoughts, events and situations. Academic: It is for students who do research or dissertation on particular subjects. Creative journals: Creative journals are the imaginative writing of a story, poem or narrative. Trade: Trade journals are used by industrial purposes where they dictate practical information. Dialectical: This journal is use by students to write on double column notebook. They can write facts, experiments, and observation on the left side and right side can be a series of thoughts and response with an end. Newspaper It is a collection of daily or weekly news of politics, sports, leisure, fashion, movies and business. Magazine Magazines can be the current affairs or opinions well collected covering various content. Frame Narrative The psychoanalysis of human mind is present in a frame narrative. Here we find another story within the main story. Some of the popular narratives are Pegasus, Wuthering Heights, The Flying Horse, The Three Pigs, A Time to keep and the Tasha Tudor Book of Holidays. Outdoor literature Outdoor literature is the literature of adventure that gives whole exploration of an event. Exciting moments of life such as horse riding, fishing, trekking can be a part of literature. Some outdoor books are ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’ by Mark Twain, ‘Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis, ‘Voyages’ by Richard Hakluyt and ‘A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush’ by Eric Newby. Narrative form of Literature Today we find movies, audio and video CD’s and Cassettes that present current literature in use. Digital poetry is an upcoming trend too. Comic books, cartoons, eBook and Internet games are the learning methods for children. Literature includes centuries, human nature, cultures and souls. Isn’t it? Read more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/types-of-literature. html|

(case 1) human resources management (Employee Recruitment and Essay

(case 1) human resources management (Employee Recruitment and Selection) - Essay Example They company employees over 2 million associates. It is the largest employer in America. The selection process of the company is quite vast. It includes all aspects like the advertising, screening, selection process which includes interviews, assessments, testing etc. The company uses all the proven methods like interviews, qualitative testing and assessment centers. This is post the other steps like advertising and screening of applications, which form the basis to choose the candidates who would be a part of the selection process. The amount of monies that go into the entire process of selection and recruitment of employees is very high, since the process includes a number of different steps to choose the right candidate and choose the ones who would be great at what they do. The cost that can be incurred for filling in an open position is as much as $490,000. This however is the total cost which includes from advertising, until the training of the selected candidates and the figures that are provided are estimates and not the actual costs that are being incurred by the company (Bernthal, 2009). The table below provides a clear break up of all the costs. These form the direct costs of the selection process however there are a number of indirect costs that are also involved in the selection process of employees. These normally include costs which the organization incurs due to less rigorous selection method. Also another big indirect cost is the quality of the hires. The return on investment for the company can be calculated by [Benefits – Costs / Costs]*100 (Bernthal, 2009). This will provide for a clear view on the amount of return that the company makes out of the investment made into selecting, recruiting, training and paying each employee. This however includes a lot of estimations, which cannot be made by all companies. Hence it is seen that companies generally need to correctly and promptly

The battle between emotion and reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The battle between emotion and reason - Essay Example Personally, emotional intelligence is the most significant tool for ethics and has been used to understand one’s reasoning and logical behavior by conducting various self-assessments both scientific and based on emotional self-control. Ethical living involves ensuring adherence to relevant laws designed to protect the safety and well-being of others. Ethical living is also recognizing that one’s behaviors have a direct impact on the environment and on the attitudes of others in the broader social network and then attempting to conduct oneself according to the standards and principles. Emotional intelligence is the tool for ethical living that is personally considered the most important as it allows an individual to proverbially step out of their own shoes and consider how one would feel if they were exposed to non-ethical behaviors that could serve to strip others of their dignity or sense of social belonging. It is not hard to live ethically, so long as others in society follow similar codes and principles and do not engage in hypocritical behaviors that are detrimental to the emotional or physical health of others. Reason is necessary for making ethical decisions as it is founded on logic and allows the individual considering how to behave in a situation requiring ethics to be aware of the damage that non-moral behaviors can cause. Intuition involves an inherent self-awareness and instinct that alters one’s perceptions, a sort of sixth sense, that is proactive in guiding one’s ethical or non-ethical behaviors. As it has already been established that emotional intelligence is paramount to ensure ethical behavior, emotion such as sentiment and passion is important in guiding ethical conduct and attitude. It allows an individual to have genuine feeling for others to ensure that psychological harm is not caused against others. A

English law. Annotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English law. Annotation - Essay Example The exception to the rule that past consideration is not good consideration is subject to conditions discussed by the Privy Council in Pau On v Lau Yiu Long, wherein their Lordships held that this was admissible whenever: Whether, part payment of an existing debt is valid consideration for a promise has been decided in the Pinnel's case. In this case, Cole owed Pinnel 8-10s-0d (8.50) which was due on 11 November. At Pinnel's request, Cole paid 5-2s-2d (5.11) on 1 October, which Pinnel accepted in full settlement of the debt. Subsequently, Pinnel sued Cole for the amount owed. It was held that part payment in itself was not consideration. However, it was held that the agreement to accept part payment would be binding if the debtor, at the creditor's request, provided some fresh consideration (Pinnel's Case,1602). From the foregoing it can be concluded that, under certain circumstances, past consideration is held to be valid.

Math Problem Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math Problem - Speech or Presentation Example According to the rejection rule, if the value of Z calculated by the test statistic lies in critical area, then we reject the null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesis. On the other hand, if the value of test statistic does not fall in critical area then null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected. The given test is a left tailed test. The significance value given in the question is 0.05, so the z-score corresponds to 0.05 is -1.645. The critical area for the given testing is the area less than -1.645 or the area left to the -1.645. In the particular z-test, the value of test statistic -1.56 is greater than -1.645, that is why it does not lie in rejection region, so null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected. The above test shows that the population mean price for used Motor Bikes at the dealership is $A 20,000. The statistical assessment shows that the sample of 100 used cars has actually helped the manager of the company to determine the actual mean price of used cars in the market. This statistical data analysis can be used in future to determine the potential prices of the cars. In future the manager can use historical pricing data to price the products and it will be recognised as historical based pricing methodology. For example, in future if the manager of Brisbane Motor Bike wants to determine the potential price of its specific model motor bike, he can collect the sample of same model motor bikes from the market and he can determine the potential price for the bike. The price data can be collected from the market. In this way, the manager will not only be able to price his products rightly but he will be also able to keep his prices market competitive, thereby, attracting

The level of awareness of the World Trade Organization Coursework

The level of awareness of the World Trade Organization - Coursework Example The aim of this paper is to reveal the level of awareness of the World Trade Organization and its perceived role within different segments of the population, and then ascertain if there is a link between â€Å"education and knowledge.† This has been accomplished firstly through a large sample of questionnaires conducted with members of the general public (50 respondents being the desired level). As can be seen in appendix 1, the questionnaire has included relevant questions relating to WTO purpose, mission, work, structure, and recognition of their logo, in other words brand awareness. Then a group of fifty students were approached for questionnaires, being a representative sample of final year degree students. The results from both questionnaires were analysed and compared to identify whether the prescribed thesis has been proven or not. The objective of this dissertation is to ascertain the following: - †¢ Whether there is sufficient brand awareness of WTO in terms of brand recognition, recall and characteristics between student population and general public. †¢ Whether there is a co relation between level of education and knowledge of WTO affairs. †¢ Whether cultural differences between the two sample populations have any impact on the knowledge, perception and learning process about world trade affairs, WTO in particular. †¢ Gather a general perception about liberalisation of trade.... Whether there is a co relation between level of education and knowledge of WTO affairs. Whether cultural differences between the two sample populations have any impact on the knowledge, perception and learning process about world trade affairs, WTO in particular. Gather a general perception about liberalisation of trade. Once the objectives are achieved, analysing the future marketing strategy of organizations like WTO to sustain or improve their branding efforts. Methodology This chapter will describe the different methods applicable to this research. The research philosophy, approach, strategy and data collection methods will be briefed. The research intended for WTO is mid way between positivism and interpretivism as the topics require objective knowledge testing as well as subjective analysis of participant's views. Deductive research approach involves hypothesis testing and draws generalizations as a result of it. This research falls under inductive approach as the generalizations like branding awareness, recall etc, are tested in different contexts. Also considering the data sample size deductive research leading to universal generalizations falls short of credibility. Strategy used for research could be experimental, survey, case study, action or qualitative. Qualitative, experimental like focus groups and case study approach are ruled out due to type of research and the timelines available for research. Action research is the best method to be chosen if the firm for which the project is done (Here WTO) is also actively involved in the research. Survey ensures covering a vast sample size within the project timelines, economically. Surveys can also be

The Role of IMF in providing assistanse to countries to overcome their Assignment

The Role of IMF in providing assistanse to countries to overcome their economic problems - Assignment Example The study aims to explain the procedure based on which IMF contributes towards the development of economic conditions of several countries. Also main functions of the IMF is under consideration. IMF is an international organisation that has been established in the year 1944. The organisation is headquartered in Washington D.C., United States. The organisation has been a significant consideration for developing the global financial condition. After the establishment of IMF, the condition of world economy has dramatically changed. To operate the global financial development, IMF has introduced few improvements in its policies for managing the needs in terms of balance of payment. IMF has been developed with the aim of managing macroeconomic factors and to implement structural policies for every poor, rich and middle-income member nations. In this context, the mission of the organisation has been to monitor and manage economic trend that prevails in the global economy The IMF provides necessary policies, advice and financing to member countries of the organization. IMF is an international organisation that has been dealing with global financial or money market. The function of IMF has been helpful in supporting the member countries of IMF. It enables the availability of resources and develops a fund including general resources for low-income countries. IMF has made a complete contribution towards the development of the global economy. IMF has achieved certain success in providing financial support to the member countries.

Validity and Reliability Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Validity and Reliability Matrix - Essay Example Validity and Reliability Matrix This form of reliability is used to judge the consistency of results across items on the same test. Essentially, test items that measure the same construct are measured to determine the tests internal consistency. The multiple indicators of a property increase the measure's reliability. Rival hypotheses are ruled out because of the use of range of multiple indicators of the property being studied and measured. This test often helps researchers interpret data and predict the value of scores and the limits of the relationship among variables. A property is measured in several different ways, in which the most typical form for measurement is through questionnaire, and then measures obtained were combined into a single score, hence reliability across different parts of an instrument might be difficult to establish. The measures are specifics of a property which will eventually be collated to reflect a single information. Half of the test items (even numbered) are correlated to other half (odd numbered) to obtain reliability coefficient. This is done by randomly dividing all items that purport to measure the same construct into two sets. The entire instrument is administered to a sample of people and the total score for each randomly divided half is calculated. The split-half reliability estimate is simply the correlation between these two total scores. It only requires a single test administration. It is therefore resources-wise test. Cost and time will be used efficiently. It is limited to estimating differences on one dimension (usually the number of items, or raters). The resultant coefficient will vary as a function of how the test was split. It is also not appropriate on tests in which speed is a factor (that is, where students' scores are influenced by how many items they reached in the allotted time). Test/retest It is an index of score consistency over a brief time period, typically several weeks. It tells how much the individual's normative score is likely to change on near-term retesting. This index of score is obtained by administering the same test twice, with a certain amount of time between administrations, and then correlating the two score sets. Each subject should score different than the other subjects, but if the test is reliable then each subject should score the same in both test. The closer the results, the greater the test-retest reliability of the survey instrument. The test is easy to administer hence, it is the most popular indicator of survey reliability. The consistency of a measure from one time to another is measured and assessed. It assumes that there will be no change in the quality or construct being measured. "It is an excellent measure of score consistency because it allows the direct measurement of consistency from administration to administration" (Lawrence, R. et al, 2001) Administration of test for the second time may produce the "practice effect" - respondents "learn" to answer the same questions in the first test and this affects their responses in the next test. Score change could be caused by day-to-day fluctuation in performance, or the individual's

Core issues in ethics Essay Example for Free

Core issues in ethics Essay Humankind can’t continue their lives without desires. If one wants to be happy, surely, he has to discover his best desires that provide him a happy life. Some of these desires that help to continue our lives can be acceptance in our relationships, a good family life and strong social relations. Trying to satisfy these desires has a great meaning to achieve happiness for me. To start with, however embarrassed I am about this desire of mine, I have an obsession to expect people to accept my thoughts and manners in every situation. Yes, this is not a good characteristic and sometimes makes me an antipathic person but trying to be accepted by someone can give you happiness, too. Besides, if you can manage to make someone love you knowing and accepting all about you, I think that is the absolute happiness. Furthermore, it seems to me that family is the basic source of happiness. Certainly, I can’t always be a good guy and sometimes I make them upset but I can’t stand seeing them upset. Therefore, I try to do whatever necessary to make them happy. Consequently, when I see happy family faces, I feel deeply happy. Thirdly, to have friends is one of the most meaningful aspects of life. I believe that one should have three very warm friends at least. For example, I can’t bear loneliness and if I couldn’t share all my heart with these warm friends, I believe that I could never be happy. As a consequence, if you feel like me, it will be worth improving your close relationships in order to be happy. To recap, humankind has a short life but he is given a lot of desires to be happy. Moreover, if one wants to discover the meaning of his short life, he should look for it in desires. Whether he finds it or not, he will taste happiness just by looking for it.

Classification of Japan Essay Example for Free

Classification of Japan Essay Nowadays, in Japan, the number of traveler from abroad is increasing, although there was a big earthquake in Fukushima in Japan. When you come to Japan, there are three places you have to visit then: Tokyo, Kyoto, and Hiroshima. If you visit these places, you would see Japanese culture, food, and historical building. First of all, I think most traveler is coming to Tokyo at first. Tokyo is one of the biggest cities if comparing by other countries. Tokyo is also central of Fashion in the world. You can see unique fashion’s people. In Tokyo, there are a lot of good towns, such as Shibuya, Harajyuku, and Asakusa. The course to explore the city of the Harajuku and Shibuya are two youthful and energetic cities. There is Takeshita Street, which is excursion from raw always stop by school trip in Japan, and there are many sights to be able to touch Koen-dori fashion trend, not boring the young. It is also fun to see the young people come and go. Next, in the attractive atmosphere of old-fashioned streets are left, there are many venerable in Asakusa, which is always crowded with many tourists. Raimon, a large lantern of Senso-ji Temple has become a landmark of the town. Asakusa is also an exciting city because they have various events, such as Asakusa Samba Carnival (May 8), and Sumida River Fireworks Festival (July). Second, when you visit to Kyoto, you can visit a lot of temples, and there are a lot of world heritage sites. Kiyomizu Temple is one of the world heritage sites. Every year, a lot of people, who is traveler from abroad, and student for school trip have visited there. You can see beautiful view from Kiyomizu temple. It is also difference from each season. When it is spring season, you can see a lot of blossom tree. When it is fall season, there are a lot of autumn leaves, which shows nice color. You can enjoy by just walkin around the city because the streets has not changed since many years ago, so you can see Streets of old-fashioned. You can walk the city as seeing history. I mean, there are lot of historical buildings remained since many years ago, so you can see the way people who is from many years ago have been making as history in Kyoto. Last of all, especially people, who live in America, I think they have to visit Hiroshima because you can see A-bomb dorm. There is also Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, which is telling the history of the war since then. You can learn a lot of things and have a lot of feeling when you go. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum has continued to appeal the wishes of the Hiroshima seek the realization of lasting world peace and the abolition of nuclear weapons. Divided into main building and East Wing, in the East Wing has photo panel exhibit clarity of exposure before and after exposure was based on historical facts, History of Hiroshima, the video, due to model. In the main building, we have the materials exhibit convey the devastation of the bombing. In addition, the Peace Memorial Park with a museum,and in the spring season, is known as cherry blossoms. In conclusion, Japan is smaller than United States very much; however, there are values to visit. I mean, if you can came to Japan, you can not only enjoy eating delicious, going to sightseeing, and going to theme park, but you can learn a lot of things because in Japan a lot of historical building remain as world heritage sites now, such as Kiyomzu temple and A-bomb Dorm. Also, you would enjoy wherever you visit in Japan because people live there is kind, and every city has very good things, such as food, historical building, special events, and theme park.

The Health Industry Of Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay

The Health Industry Of Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay Obesity has emerged as a big issue in most countries. Countries such as Malaysia has identified this problem as one of the burden in health care system, which it has been linked to high mortality and morbidity related disease in many private and government hospital. Formally obesity is assume as a symbol of wealth, prosperity and health, but on this day it has been an enormous threat to the future generations where most of them died of complications due to overeating and not starve to death. The prevalence of obesity realted disease in this country has leading to a rapid increase of incident in chronic disease. According to Health Ministry statistics, heart disease is the third leading cause of deaths of patients in this country. If compared to the same statistics in countries that have developed as Western Europe, the United States and Japan, the leading cause of death in their country was cardiovascular disease. This clearly indicates that we were moving towards westernization in e xperiencing the same problem face by the developed countries. As we know obesity is a problem that will lower the quality of life and the leading causes of many chronic diseases in later life. Myres (2002) state that obesity is an excess of body fat that frequently results in a significant impairment of health. Unfortunately this problem should not be the cause of death if they have little knowledge about the disease and raising awareness about obesity. Thus it is not surprising the number of obesity has increase every year because of their ignorance and lack of public understanding about the cause of obesity. Working with an environment that tends to lead my patients become into obese has made me aware of my responsible to take part in battling this issue before it become into a heavy burden on my health care system. Over all my paper will not only focus on my patient, but also to the society as well on the consequences of obesity in term of health and economic cost that will indeed occur if there is no immediate action taken. Besides that, I will also explore in depth on how this issue can be a complication-related lifestyle and recommendations for re-appraise our own practices accordingly. Body Obesity is a condition where a person has excessive body weight due to accumulation of fat in the body. Obesity results when the size or number of fat cells in a persons body increases Myers (2004). Obesity is usually assessed by using Body Mass Index (BMI) and the level of obesity is a global standard of classification of respondents either underweight, ideal weight, overweight and obese. BMI is calculated by dividing a persons weight in kilograms by height (in M  ²). A BMI of 18.5 to 22.9 consider as normal, 23 to 27.4 as pre-obese and above 27.5 is to overweight (obese). According to BMI standards, individuals are said to be overweight when BMI is between 25.0->40kg / m ² (Ismail I S elt. 2004). Generally, from the observations that has been made on my patients founds that not all of them eat more than the amount consumed by their body weight was obese, but what is for sure those who are obese eating more than what is needed by their body and most of them who are obese are mor e significant to get the disease-related obesity than those with normal body weight. Listen Read phonetically World Health Organization estimates that by 2015, roughly 2.3 billion people in the world will have more weight and 700 million people worldwide will suffer obesity (National consumer Campaign 2010). More worsen, this phenomenon will continue growing into an epidemic and spread to most developing countries. Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country which has the second highest obesity in population. According to National Health Morbidity Survey (2006) found that 29% of Malaysian adults were overweight and 14% are obese, which mean 43% of Malaysian adults (or 2 in 5) are overweight. Compared with the 10 years back the survey reported that 17% (or 1 in 5) of Malaysian adults were overweight and another 4% were obese. Through the differences over the 10-year period, the increasing of overweight among Malaysians had clearly had jumped into 70% and more surprising obesity has risen to 250%. Thats why it has become a serious concern for the ministry to confronting this issue, which it has lea d to many chronic disease including renal failure in Malaysia. In my dialysis center, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were the main causes of my patients are been diagnosed with kidney disease and most of them also have excessive body weight. Although they have been diagnosed with diabetes and hypertension disease, many of them are still ignoring the daily diet and proper nutrition for them. As a result, mortality of chronic diseases becomes higher in my center. Causes Dealing with obesity, what actually cause the problem to occur? To answer these questions, we need to look at the factors that can cause obesity. According to health experts, based on the results of the study, obesity can be influenced by various factors. These factors are among genetic factors, gender, excessive eating patterns, lack of sports motion, emotion, and environmental factors. So far there has been no strong evidence and data available linking gender and genetic is the main contributors to obesity in my center. However through my experience which almost 10 years shows that obesity is more likely linked with the lifestyle and environment compared to other factors. Many experts believe that this factor does have a significant impact in contributor the cause of obesity in developing countries. Swallen KC, elt (2005) found the results of his research shows that obesity is closely linked with the unhealthy quality of life. WHO (2003) also noted that the leading factor are incre ased consumption of energy-dense foods high in saturated fats and sugars, and reduced physical activity. Thats why I find that excessive sugar intake in beverages and food will certainly lead to diabetes and if this problem is not treated immediately, patients may require dialysis to survive, because of kidney failure.Listen Read phonetically As the populations become urbanization, the increase in the standard of living and modernization in most countries is usually accompanied by increase in weight gain and obesity. Young people in socio-economic groups are more likely concerned with their career as demanding on hardworking has been a necessity in worldwide. At the same time, dependence on automated technology such as elevator facilities or modern transportation has reduce of their physical activity. In childhood obesity is already become a serious concern in Malaysia whereby obesity related complication also on rise among the them. According to Lim Y N elt. (2008) in 2006, the dialysis incident rate for age Genetic factors also play a big role in contributing to the risk of obesity where it can be inherited from the previous generation to the next generation in a family. Some individuals appear to be born with a genetic predisposition to obesity that is readily nurtured by our nations lifestyle (Thomas A. 2002). The most prominent feature of childhood obesity are other family members also face the similar problems and this usually is caused by a genetic defect called Lawrence Moon syndrome Biedl, syndrome. However, this doesnt mean that if there are families members who are obese and suffer from diabetes or hypertension, the other family members are not necessarily will get kidney disease. Implication Obesity is not a trivial issue. Its a health hazard. One of the major problems that will faced by the obesity children are insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome as stated by Kelishadi (2007) metabolic syndrome is also higher among the adult population in Asia. WHO (2002) as well reported that overweight and obesity also lead to adverse metabolic effect on blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin resistance. Risk of coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke and type 2 diabetes mellitus increase steadily with increasing BMI. This clearly shows that the obesity is one of the primary factors causing of all this chronic disease and associated with increased risk of death. In Malaysia especially in the dialysis center, the epidemic of chronic diseases have been seen to increased rapidly than expected, which almost doubled over the last decade. I find that many of my patients have diabetes and hypertension before this and up until they had suffering from kidney failure. According to The Star (2010), there is over 14.9% of Malaysian population aged above 30 are suffer from diabetes and hypertension respectively which has increase from 8.3% in 1996. While 20.7% of adults aged over 18 will be at risk suffering from high cholesterol. Lim Y N elt. (2008) also stated that diabetes mellitus continues to be the commonest cause of renal failure and has been the cause of at least half of new dialysis patients since 2002. Hypertension was the second commonest known cause of renal failure at about 7%. However the main cause of death in renal failure patients is cause by cardiovascular disease which remained the main cause of the death in 2008, accounting for 29%. A ll of these scenario show that obesity is the commonest complication related to many chronic disease. As mentioned earlier this obese subjects also had a significant impact on the economy which, the government have to bear the increasing budget and long-term financial burden to organize the health programs and such medical treatment. According to WHO (2003), Obesity accounts for 2-6% of total health care costs in several developed countries; some estimates put the figure as high as 7%. The true costs are undoubtedly much greater as not all obesity-related conditions are included in the calculations. Cost to be borne by the patient to get dialysis treatment is also very high compared with other diseases as they requiring dialysis treatment for a lifetime. Kasemsup V elt. stated, in government perspective, the average cost for hemodialisis would be approximately 49 USD per session and total costs for access to HD (without erythropoietin injection) would range from 5,140 to 7,160 USD per case per year. Total costs for PD (without erythropoietin injection) would range from 4,640 to 7,280 USD per case per year. The estimates of costs for HD and PD are similar to costs for RRT in Malaysia. As well asListen Read phonetically health care today is also considered costing a lot of cost where as health care has been made as an economic activity. For young women, obesity becomes a problem serious enough, because of their desire to be perfect and slim is a dream for them. As a result, thousands dollars of money spent on diet, medications, and treatments for losing weight. As young men they are also afraid to be fat. For them, the fat man would be experiencing problems severe enough to attract the opposite sex. This of course will require a lot of money to be spent on a diet, buy slimming drugs and sports equipment just to reduce weight. Although they had to bear the burden in the battle against obesity and the disease, with the rapid economic growth and variety of health program organized by the government, has given them a better quality of life than the past.Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically Policy Implementation of policy is very important in preventing this problem before it become into a catastrophic especially for the younger generation. Working in dialysis department has many advantages and potentials that can be done for patients to strengthen and maintain their healthy lifestyle. One of the programs in our policy here is health education, which it has a significant impact on their lifestyle. We always diversify the programs and measure they basic knowledge about the diseases and complication so they can make the wise decision to make changes in their cultural lifestyles and get help or counselling to deal with the problem of obesity. Greater emphasis on patient care also done through plan, organize, analyze and evaluate patients blood test results to determine the level of sugar and foods intake such as phosphate and potassium. The results of blood test are important to us to know their eating habits and thus the nutritional assessment can be made. The health system launched by the Ministry of Health Malaysia also very brave in implementing total transformation or make changes to the comprehensive strategy approach to combating the obesity of lifestyle. Promoting and improving weight management through programme Healthy Lifestyle Campaigns by the government has been running since 1991. However the most significant government policy in health promotion today is improving and focusing on the important of excercise, dietary habits and nutritional status under the National Nutrition Policy with the collaborations 10-year National Plan of Action for Nutrition from years 2006 to 2015. The government also has outlines the objectives, to plan and implement health promotion programmes and activities for the benefit of the community with a particular focus on youth. To fund and support sporting, recreational and cultural organizations to promote healthy lifestyles and healthy environments (Malaysian Health Promotion Board Act 2006). Recommendation Dealing to address the obesity should be made through the various aspects of approaches. Controlling eating and lack of exercise alone to achieve weight loss is not only the solution. From my past experience of public participation, it was found that the response of my patients and as well as the public to participate and understand the health programs that have been organized is very poor. The structure and guidelines with the goals, objectives and policies in form of a statement is often difficult to understand by them. As a result, their respond is very low in participation and certainly this implementation process will brings into questions on the effectiveness of health programs that can make aware of the community. Therefore, the existing campaign must be improved and intensified to convince them of the importance of health care. Health programs need to be restructured and reorganized in order to expand to the whole community, especially for the target group. Health policy shou ld be reviewed immediately in line with the increase of the disease and for a better outcome. To be more effective, I also recommend to my hospital for providing exercise facilities or fitness centres and free medical check up to attract them. Apart from that the Ministry must provide a large amount of expenditure for the purposes of promoting programs such as advertising programme, which its has own way in getting people excited about healthy lifestyle. The advertising programs that aim to reduce this burden also should be expanded and made easier for all levels of community to understand the message.Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically But for the advertising of a variety of snack food products should be prohibited by the Ministry. Concerned about a toxic environment such as urban planning and junk food in schools only the act or the law alone can change the environment into a healthier and safer for the community. However, some of the contributing factors such as fat gene the thing that cannot change but of course they can work even harder to control their way of lifestyle. But what is the most important part of all is the involvement of all parties in addressing this epidemic become more wide. Listen Read phonetically Conclusion Generally, this disease has become a huge burden in my work place as well as in my country. With the available data, show that this issue frequently occur in developing country. By knowing the most common cause and incidence of the disease, we can understand how dangerous this scenario to the society. The high prevalence rate of this problem gave a lot of negative implications on health and economy, as the society are suppose to be the economic power and energetic generation in the future. However government has reinforced their strategy and target in combating this problem. Meanwhile health policy also should be reviewed immediately to improve for better public health outcomes. If these problems are not prevented from the very beginning can weaken the structure of society and become be a heavy burden on health care system as most young people will suffering many of the chronic disease. Therefore, obesity must be tackled as soon as possible before more and more Malaysians will experience it.

Treaty of Versailles :: Essays Papers

Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles began with a peace conference which opened in Paris in January of nineteen twelve at the end of World War I. There were great expectations of peace. France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States were present at the conference. Not only did these countries want peace from the war; they were also looking for eternal peace. This optimism and idealism was greatly strengthened by President Wilson’s peace proposal, the Fourteen Points. It was published in January of nineteen eighteen and the points stressed national self-determination and the rights of small countries. (1) The Treaty of Versailles was a failed attempt by the Big Four for peace. The United States, Great Britain, and France were the real powers at the conference. Germany wasn’t allowed to participate, Russia was in the middle of a civil war and Italy was considered part of the Big Four but their involvement was limited. From the start the three big allies began to quarrel. European crowds wildly cheered President Wilson. The people admired his ideas for idealistic and democratic international cooperation. President Wilson was convinced that they must create the League of Nations before doing anything else. He wanted individual nations to be protected from aggression and avert future wars. Lloyd George of Great Britain and Clemenceau of France were unenthusiastic. They were mostly concerned with punishing Germany. (1) Lloyd George was determined to punish Germany. He was also very determined to obtain German colonies in Africa and islands in the Pacific. Clemenceau wanted old-fashioned revenge, but he was also concerned about the security of his own country. Clemenceau was concerned about his country’s long term security. He determined that France should not break from its allies because they could not afford to face Germany alone in the future. He agreed to give up his demand for a Rhineland as a buffer state in return for a formal defense alliance with Great Britain and the United States. President Wilson and Lloyd George promised to come to France’s aid in the event of a German attack. France accomplished their goal of security and the United States accomplished theirs of a permanent international organization. (1) The Treaty of Versailles attempted to re-establish international order. Under its settlements Germany’s colonies were given to France, Britain, and Japan as the League of Nations mandated.

Comparing Edna of Kate Chopins The Awakening and Nora of Henrik Ibsen

Comparing Edna of Kate Chopin's The Awakening and Nora of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House Kate Chopin's work, The Awakening, and Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, were written at a time when men dominated women in every aspect of life.   Edna Pontellier, the protagonist in The Awakening, and Nora, the protagonist in A Doll's House, are trapped in a world dominated by men.   The assumed superiority of their husbands traps them in their households.   Edna and Nora share many similarities, yet differ from each other in many ways.   Two main similarities of Edna and Nora are that they both have an awakening and are like caged birds without freedom; one main difference is that Edna lives in reality and Nora lives in a fantasy world.   Other similarities are: each protagonist seems happy about her marriage in the beginning, is controlled by her husband, and has a secret.   Despite all the similarities, the two protagonists differ in several ways: Edna does what she wants while Nora dreams about what she wants; Edna has a mind of her own while Nora seems to be a scattered brain wife; and Edna stops taking care of her children all together while Nora cares for the children on and off.   Ã‚  Ã‚   An image of a green and yellow parrot in a cage occurs throughout The Awakening; the parrot represents how Edna Pontellier is trapped in her marriage to Leonce Pontellier.   During that time period women were expected to stay at home and perform household duties, take care of their husbands, and take care of their children; women were not supposed to be educated and did not hold a career.   Edna realizes she does not want to perform the expected duties of a woman because she is not happy just being a wife and mother.   In the beginning of ... ...n reality.   Ibsen and Chopin both wrote stories that represent the oppression of women in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century; The Awakening and "A Doll's House' are realistic writings that show society's treatment of women. Works Cited and Consulted: Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1985. Durbach, Errol. A Doll's House: Ibsen's Myth of Transformation. Boston: Twayne, 1991. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House.   Literature and Ourselves. 2nd Ed. Ed. by Gloria Henderson, Bill Day, and Sandra Waller.   New York: Longman, 1997 Martin, Wendy, ed. "Introduction." New Essays on The (Awakening. New York, NY: Cambridge UP, 1988. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen." PMLA (January 1989): 28-40.

Galileo: Scientist, Scholar, Rebel Essay -- essays research papers

Seventeenth-century European study was controlled by two powerful forces: the Roman Catholic Church, headed by the Pope, and ancient philosophy dominated by the 2000-year-old ideas of the Greek philosopher, Aristotle. The Church had an overwhelming influence on the lives of most Europeans. During Galileo’s time one in twelve people living in Rome was either a cleric or a nun.1 The Church forbid any teaching that deviated from what was taught in the Bible. To enforce this control, the Church set up the Inquisition. Galileo was targeted by the Inquisition for his observations and experiments. 2 Because his teachings differed from the socially accepted ideas of Aristotle, the Inquisition believed he should be persecuted. Even though Galileo’s observations were much more factual than Aristotle’s and, more important, backed up by experiments and the use of the telescope, he was still sentenced to house arrest for life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa Italy.3 Galileo was born into a family considered nobility, and his father, Vincenzo Galilei, was an accomplished musician.4 Galileo was tutored privately and also educated by his father until the age of eleven, when his family moved to Florence and sent him to a Jesuit monastery to study medicine.5 Three years after his son began school, Vincenzo was surprised to learn Galileo had decided to become a monk. Somewhat angered, his father withdrew him from the monastery, and Galileo continued his high school education in Florence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At age seventeen Galileo began college at the University of Pisa, where he reluctantly studied medicine. 6 Throughout his first term attending the university, Galileo became more interested in mathematics than medicine. A court mathematician, by the name of Ostillo Ricci, noticed Galileo in his lectures.7 Impressed with Galileo’s knowledge, he urged Galileo change his major to mathematics. Against his father’s wishes, Galileo changed courses, and by the end of his first term he was a mathematics undergraduate.8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Galileo made his first important discovery while attending the University of Pisa. Galileo noticed a swinging lamp above him during a church sermon. Extremely bored, Galileo conducted an experiment to see if the amount of time in between each swing was the same. Using hi... ...i. School of Mathmatics and St. Andrews, Scotland, August 1995; available from http://www.history.mcs.standrews.ac.uk/history/mathmatics/galileo.html;Internet. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University; New York, 1987, p. 35. 8 Deborah Hitzeroth and Sharon Heerbor, Galileo Galilei. Lucent Books Inc; California, 1992, p.15. 9 Ibid., p.16. 10 J.V. Field, Galileo Galilei. School of Mathmatics and St. Andrews, Scotland, August 1995; available from http://www.history.mcs.standrews.ac.uk/history/mathmatics/galileo.html;Internet. 11 Ibid. 12 Galileo Galilei- Astrology. Available from http://www.astrology.about.com/library/weekly/aa0zz00b. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 17 Ibid. 18 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University; New York, 1987, p.41. 19 Deborah Hitzeroth and Sharon Heerbor, Galileo Galilei. Lucent Books Inc; California, 1992, p.24. 20 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University; New York, 1987, p.44. 21 Ibid., p.45. 22 Giorgio De Santillan, The Crimes of Galileo. Time Inc; University of Chicago Press, 1962, p.185. 23 Ibid., p.257. 24 Ibid. 25 Jack Meadows, The Great Scientists. Oxford University; New York, 1987, p.48. 26 Ibid

Abstract Art

Abstract art uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. The arts of cultures other than the European had become accessible and showed alternative ways of describing visual experience to the artist. By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy. The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time. Abstract art, nonfigurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are loosely related terms. They are similar, although perhaps not of identical meaning. Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. This departure from accurate representation can be only slight, or it can be partial, or it can be complete. Abstraction exists along a continuum. Even art that aims for verisimilitude of the highest degree can be said to be abstract, at least theoretically, since perfect representation is likely to be exceedingly elusive. Artwork which takes liberties, altering for instance color and form in ways that are conspicuous, can be said to be partially abstract. Total abstraction bears no trace of any reference to anything recognizable. In geometric abstraction, for instance, one is unlikely to find references to naturalistic entities. Figurative art and total abstraction are almost mutually exclusive. But figurative and representational (or realistic) art often contains partial abstraction. Both geometric abstraction and lyrical abstraction are often totally abstract. Among the very numerous art movements that embody partial abstraction would be for instance fauvism in which color is conspicuously and deliberately altered vis-a-vis reality, and cubism, which blatantly alters the forms of the real life entities depicted.

Book report: sula Essay

Sula is a novel written by Toni Morrison about uncertainty. The novel embarks into the ideas of good and evil and how these two can sometimes become similar. The novel looks into the unsolved mysteries of human emotions and relationships. In the end, the author ultimately concludes that social conventions are insufficient as a basis in living one’s life and that there are far more significant matters to life than these. The novel (Sula, 2002) looks at the many different ways in which people employ to make their lives more meaningful by defying easy answers, signifying the ambiguity, beauty and terror of life, in its triumphs and horrors. The novel has been written by Morrison (2002) from the philosophical nature while having her personal insights or experiences fill some of the novel’s pages. She managed to show both good and evil and that two women can actually become one by presenting the lives of two friends who are the main protagonists. The novel revolves around Bottom which is a mostly black community in Ohio, located in the hills above the community of Medallion. The novel tells about the special friendship of Nel and Sula who come from varying levels. Nel is a product of a family that believes profoundly in social conventions. She comes from a stable home. Nel is unsure of the conservative life her mother, Helene, wants for her. Nel’s doubts become more pronounced when she meets her grandmother Rochelle, a former prostitute and the only unconventional woman in her family line. Meanwhile, Sula’s family is different from that of Nel. Sula lives with her grandmother, Eva and her mother, Hannah, who are being viewed by the people as eccentric and loose. Their house serves as a home for three informally adopted boys all named Dewey and a perpetual number of borders. Sula and Nel may be different but they become attached with each other during their adolescent years until a traumatic accident changed all that. Sula accidentally dropped a boy named Chicken Little in a river and drowned when she losses her grip to the boy as he swung him around her hands. The two never told anyone about the accident having no intention of harming the boy. Soon, they simply grew apart. Eventually, Nel married and settled into the conventional role of wife and mother. Sula, on the other hand, took a different path and lived a life of independence and total disdain for social conventions. When she left her community, Sula had many affairs with men, some of whom were white. When she found others doing the same routine, she easily got bored and went back to the Bottom and to her friend Nel after 10 years. Because of her past, the town regarded Sula as an epitome of evil because of her obvious disregard of social conventions. Sula will soon develop an affair with her friend’s husband Jude who later abandoned Nel. This led to the breakup of the friendship of the two characters. Sula’s evilness somehow improved the lives of people in the community by providing them the motivation to live harmoniously with one another. Sula and Nel renewed their friendship before the former died. The novel is filled with a string of colorful characters in the persons of the following. Cecile is Helene’s strict and religious grandmother. She raised Helene since birth and made her marry Wiley Wright who happens to be her grand nephew. Nel, meanwhile, is the daughter of Helene, who developed an intense friendship with Sula in her adolescent years Nel marries Jude in the novel and was later abandoned by him. The other characters are Chicken Little who is a neighborhood boy who Sula accidentally dropped into the river and drowned when Sula swung him around by his hands. The Deweys are Eva’s three adopted children she all named Dewey. The three looked different from each other but people somehow saw them looked alike. The Deweys did not grow into full adult size. Old Willy Fields is another character in the novel who is an elderly in the local hospital. Mr. Finley is a resident of the Bottom who choked to death from a chicken bone soon after Sula returned to the community. Jude Greene is Nel’s husband and works as a waiter in the Hotel Medallion. Ajax is the oldest from seven siblings who had lovers fighting over him Ajax’s only true loves were his mother, a conjure woman and airplanes. He had a distinct way of instilling the most ordinary words with power. BoyBoy peach was Eva’s husband who abandoned her when the three children were still small. Eva worked so hard to keep her family away from hunger. She later became the energetic matriarch over a busy household, which included Hannah, Sula, Ralph, Tar Baby, the Deweys, among others. Hannah Peace is Eva’s oldest child. She moved back in with her mother after her husband, Rekus, died when their daughter, Sula, was three years old. Like her mother, Hannah loves â€Å"maleness. † She has frequent, brief affairs with the men who take her fancy. Many women resent her, but they don’t hate her. Men don’t gossip about her because she is a kind and generous woman. They often defend her against the harsh words of their wives. Pearl is Eva’s second child who married at the tender age of 14 and moved to Flint, Michigan. Ralph, nicknamed Plum, is Eva’s youngest and best-loved child who fought in the First World War and returned home with disturbing memories and an addiction to heroin. Rekus was Hannah’s husband and Sula’s father who died when Sula was only three years old. The novel is an interesting read. Anyone can easily relate with the characters presented. Good and evil may seem different, but like Morrison (2002) emphasized, the two may also appear similar. We can look at it at the way we view life. The evil actually teaches us to be string individuals and they pose as challenges for us to take. Without them, we may not be able to achieve the ultimate goodness. Work Cited: Toni Morrison, Sula. Plume; Oprah edition (April 5, 2002)

Classical Civilizations of Ancient Greece, Rome, and China

Throughout history, there have been many civilizations, empires, colonies, and tribes that have impacted the world. The civilizations of Greece, Rome, and China have done this, but what sets them apart from the others is their lasting significance and lasting impact they had on the world. For this reason, they are considered classical civilizations. To describe how Greece, Rome, and Han China are classical, there are three systems that are used; these are Economic, Social, and Political. Out of these three classical civilizations, Greece came first in history.An important invention of Greece was its plumbing systems. Greece was the first to create plumbing and now it is almost unheard of for a house anywhere on earth to not have a plumbing system. This innovation falls under the economic category. The most important social feature from ancient Greeks would be philosophy. After the Peloponnesian Wars, many people began questioning themselves and their beliefs. During this time, many p hilosophers were living in Greece. One of the most important was Socrates. He encouraged people to examine their beliefs.When he was 70, he was taken to trial for â€Å"corrupting the youth of Athens† and â€Å"neglecting the city’s gods. † He was put to death by poison. Some historians say that the fall of Athens started with his death. Plato, one of Socrates’ students, wrote a book about Plato’s vision of a perfectly governed society. Plato’s writings dominated philosophic thought in Europe for almost 1,500 years. Then there was Aristotle, a student of Plato’s. Aristotle invented a method of logic which is the foundation for the scientific method of today.Even Greece’s philosophy was very influential on future civilizations, democracy is considered Greece’s most important contribution to modern society. Democracy, under the political system, is a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through represe ntatives. Greece was the first to have this type of government. America, along with many other countries, borrowed this idea from Greece when creating their governments. Next on the timeline is Rome. Ancient Rome, like America, borrowed many ideas from the Greeks to create and advance structural ideas.In this way, they adapted their plumbing systems, but improved it by inventing public latrines. We might think of this as an advancement, but Rome had areas where pots were placed in a circle to go to the bathroom, and the waste would drop down into a river or stream (the plumbing system). This was a huge improvement in their sanitary conditions. The Romans acquired other ideas from places other than Greece. In the political division, there was the Roman law where its standards were extremely influenced by the teachings of Stoic philosophers.The principles were based on common sense and practical ideas. Much of modern laws, including the legal systems of many European countries along w ith the United States, have been influenced by the long lasting Roman law. Again with importance, Rome’s agriculture and trade played a big role in Roman life. Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire and everything else depended on it. Most Romans relied on the food grown in their local area and all other food and luxuries were only for the rich and they got them through trade.Rome, being along the Mediterranean Sea, had a enormous trading system and also had roads connecting it to far off places such as Persia and southern Russia. And connecting this huge empire was its sole language, the Latin language. Latin, in the social system, had a major influence on some major languages of the world, including French, Italian, Spanish, and English. Along with Rome’s unified currency know as the Denarius, the Latin language helped unify the civilization by linking diverse people and far away areas.Ancient China’s occurrence overlapped Rome’s, but started afterward, so last would fall China. In comparison with Rome, China had a large trading network. They both built roads to build their networks too. China’s commerce was very important to the Han Empire. When the Empire realized valuable their silk was as an item of trade, they kept their production technique a secret. The demand for silk from China increased. This increase of demand expanded Chinese commerce reaching all the way through Asia and India, all the way to Rome.As trade would fall in the Economic category, China’s bureaucracy and civil service would fall in the Social category. A bureaucracy is a system of departments and agencies that formed o carry out the work of government and a civil service is when people are paid to work within a civilization/country’s government. The bureaucracy of China included eighteen different ranks of civil service jobs that civilians could obtain by taking examinations. But if someone wanted to take one of thes e tests, they would have much more of a chance if they went to the school that Wudi set up.In this school, people studied Confucius’s works. These schools were expensive so only sons of wealthy land owners ever had a chance at a government career. Evidently, you did not have to believe in the Confucianism religion, but those who did were rewarded. Confucianism falls under the social division. These three civilizations were considered classical civilizations because of the impact that Greece, Rome and China had on the modern world’s economic, social and political systems.

Role of Students in Pakistan Movement

Assignment #1 Subject: pak &Islamic studies Class: BSCS-1C Last Date: 01-10-2012. Max. Marks: 10 Instructor name: Dr. Mahboobullah Date: 17-09-2012 ———————————————————————————— Instructions: 1. The assignment is research base so general in formations will not be appreciated. 2. Do not write more than five pages. One side of the page is considered one page. 3. No such assignment will be accepted which reveals the struggle of a single person. 4.No late assignment will be accepted without unavoidable excuse. 5. No re-take of assignment. 6. Write on the following format. ——————————————————————————– Topic: Prop osed reforms in the present politics It is appreciated that the following points are discussed. 1. Definition of politics. 2. Politics with the relation of politics. 3. Politics in the golden ages of Islam. 4. The present political system. a. The leadership. b. The constitution. c. Implementation of rules and laws. d. Flaws in the constitution and legislative structure. 5.The proposed reforms. ——————— Good luck by the teacher Assignment no. 1 The topic: Name of the student: Class: Enrollment no: Assignment Date:Submission Date: Submitted to: Table of contents: Topic:page no. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Start of contents: References: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Assignment #2 Subject: pak &Islamic studies Class: BSCS-1C Time allowed: 18-10-2012. Max. Marks: 10 Instructor name: Dr. Mahboobullah Date: 27-09-2012 ———————— ———————————————————— Instructions: . The assignment is research base so general in formations will not be appreciated. 2. Do not write more than five pages. One side of the page is considered one page. 3. No such assignment will be accepted which reveals the struggle of a single person. 4. No late assignment will be accepted without unavoidable excuse. 5. No re-take of assignment. 6. Write on the following format. ——————————————————————————– Topic: Importance of morality teachings in educational institution 1. Importance of morality. 2.Emphasis of Islam on good morality. 3. Importance of good morality in curriculum. 4. The morality which should be included in educational institutions. ——————— Good luck by the teacher Assignment no. 2 The topic: Name of the student: Class: Enrollment no: Assignment Date:Submission Date: Submitted to: Table of contents: Topic:page no. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Start of contents: References: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Assignment #3 Subject: pak &Islamic studies Class: BSCS-1C Time allowed: 01-11-2012 Max.Marks: 10 Instructor name: Dr. Mahboobullah Date: 18-10-2012 ———————————————————————————— Instructions: 1. The assignment is research base so general in formations will not be appreciated. 2. Do not write more than five pages. One side of the page is considered one page. 3. No such assignment will be accepted which reveals the struggle of a single person. 4. No late assignment will be accepted without unavoidable excuse. 5. No re-take of assignment. 6.Write on the following format. —————————————————————————– — Topic: Loyalty with the family, educational institutions and your country 1. Loyalty and Islam. 2. Loyalty with the family.. 3. Loyalty with the educational institutions. 4. Loyalty with the country. ——————— Good luck by the teacher Assignment no. 3 The topic: Name of the student: Class: Enrollment no: Assignment Date:Submission Date: Submitted to: Table of contents: Topic:page no. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Start of contents: